As a veteran Gold analyst, co-founder/chairman of Franco Nevada Mining, acting chairman of the World Gold Council, and former president of Newmont Mining, Pierre Lassonde knows this sector inside and out. He understands the plight of the juniors and the many influences on gold's behavior. In this exclusive interview with The Gold Report, he predicts limited downside given the accelerating demand for natural resources and shares his favorite companies.

The Gold Report: The downward spiral in the markets just doesn't stop. Junior mining stocks have been decimated, and the gold price went lower than any one predicted, although it seems to be recovering a bit. Do you see this as a repeat of the situation we had in the '70s, and what do you see as the outlook for oil and gold?

Pierre Lassonde: Yes, these are the same forces we had in the '70s. Just be prepared to see both oil and gold at much, much higher prices over the next four or five years after another nine to twelve months of so-so prices.

Today there's no let up in sight on the demand side while the supply side is constrained. There’s nowhere to go anymore to find oil. Something like 85% of all the oil reserves is in the hands of national oil companies.

Look at the resurgence of Russia as a Communist country — every week they seem to pass a new law against foreigners. Other countries are doing the same thing. This hurts mineral exploration. There aren't any great places to go anymore, making it difficult for the world resource companies to satisfy demand.

TGR: Gold in the '70s went from $180 down to $90. Where is gold's downside?

PL: I thought that the floor for gold would have been a lot higher than in the '70s. Demand is far more vigorous than it was. In the '70s the whole jewelry market wasn't nearly as mature. The ETF market didn’t exist. The central banks had it all. So I thought that $800 plus or minus $50 would be the bottom over the next 12 months.

TGR: Would you venture a guess as to what the upside could be?

PL: I've been saying that you’re going to see gold with three zeros after the first number. I just don’t know what that first number is going to be. It could be a one, a two, or a five.

It will depend on how much money we'll print to get out of trouble, which is what they did in '70s and they’re going to do again. Because gold is denominated in the U.S. dollar, that’s the currency to watch. The other thing is a panic effect.

In the '70s gold went to $850. But when you look at the last $150, it happened in a month. That was the panic effect because the real price was probably closer to $700. Will it hit $1,500 or $2,000 in the next five years? I don’t know. A panic effect could push it to $4,000 or $5,000. One thing for sure, we’ve seen $1,000. We’ll see it again and higher. I don’t know how big it’s going to be.

TGR: Do you think ultimately gold will detach from oil and the dollar?

PL: The relationship between oil and gold is not a strong one. I would say it’s a causal or an indirect relationship. The higher the oil price, the higher the inflation, the higher the gold price. That’s the kind of relationship you have.

When you look at the correlation over 20, 30, or 40 years, you find is there is none. It’s one of cause and effect, but there’s not a direct relationship. But there is one direct relationship between gold and U.S. dollars. That relationship is very strong.

Interestingly enough, it doesn’t always work one way. When Volcker arrived in 1977, he started hiking interest rates up and the dollar finally bottomed out that year and started to turn around. It even started to gain against the German mark, the yen, and right through 1978 to 1980, at the same time as gold was going up. So the two went up in tandem. It’s not always a one-way street with the dollar going down and gold going up. There are times, years in fact, where they both go up or they both go down. But when you look at the last seven years, six out of the seven years the gold price has gone up when the dollar has gone down.

TGR: Could both the dollar and gold could go up given the increased ETF and jewelry demand?

PL: I think it’s going to happen. Over the next two or three years you’re going to see the Fed liquefy the market as much as it can because there’s more trouble coming down the road with reset mortgages and defaults, and consumer loans. The Fed will keep on printing money and the confidence in the dollar will continue to fall.

However, over the next 12 months I think the dollar is going to firm up. That’s what happened in '75, ’76. You could see a $1.35 to the Euro. That would not be surprising at all. At the same time you may see gold in the $750-$775 range. Then the confidence in the dollar will start to turn around and will hit a new low before both the dollar and gold turn and go up again for the next two to three years. That will be the final leg of this bull market. But you’re looking at three to five years now. Not tomorrow.

TGR: Would define this stage as the "wall of worry?" We’ve had the stealth move in gold. Are we in the wall of worry before the panic, or do you think it’s going to be different this time?

PL: No, I don’t think it’s going to be any different this time. But the fact is that we’ve had very few discoveries. That absolutely amazes me. The Gold recovery started in 2001, so we’re seven years into the cycle. When you look at the discovery rate, it’s around one or two per year. Personally, I’ve never seen this; it's extraordinarily low. And that bodes well for much higher prices at the same time. If you look at the '70s and '80s you had a lot of discoveries. But this time around it’s just not happening.

TGR: What explains that?

PL: Two or three things: The world for mining companies is shrinking. They aren't going to go Venezuela anymore, or to any of the "stanzs" in Russia, nor to a lot of African countries. Back in the 1990s the world was opening up. Today it’s shrinking.

There has been no breakthrough in exploration like we saw back in the '70s and '80s. We saw the advent of heat bleaching, pressure autoclaving, and advances in geophysics. We haven’t seen anything now for 10 or 15 years. So we’re still exploring on an exploration model that’s 30 or 40 years old. We need a breakthrough and you can see it by the cost structure of the industry increasing dramatically. Five, six years ago the cash cost in this industry was below $200. Today you’re looking at $450, $500. That’s quite unbelievable, but it’s a reflection of the paucity of discoveries, plus the inflation of oil and everything else.

TGR: When gold moved from $700 up to $1,000, the juniors didn't participate. Is that different from the '70s?

PL: Back in the '70s there were, at most, 1,000 juniors. Today there are 4,000 to 5,000. In this market liquidity has dried up. You can see it in the turnover volume from January to March. Compare that to the turnover from June to August. Liquidity is a quarter of what it was at the start of 2008. Juniors are dying on the vine for this reason. This situation will continue for another year, maybe two.

TGR: So will it shake out juniors that are not well structured—even those with good prospects?

PL: Everyone will feel the pain. It also presents a tremendous opportunity for well-funded smaller companies to acquire decent prospects. The rest will fall by the wayside or merge with cash-rich companies. Juniors are trading for $5 or $10 million and they’ve got more cash in the bank than their market cap. The market doesn't believe there’s going to be any discovery. There have been no discoveries whatsoever in the diamond space over the past couple of years. So it’s a tough, tough market. What really bothers me is that in the 1980s or 1990s, we saw three to five discoveries of 5 to 20 million ounces each, and upwards of 30 to 50 million ounces a year. That is what makes or breaks the industry. There are no discoveries of that magnitude now.

TGR: Because we haven’t found them or they’re literally not there?

PL: I think it's because we don’t have an exploration model conducive to finding them. But look at Canada. It’s got the second largest landmass after Russia. Has it been all explored? Not a chance. But it’s going to take time and money.

TGR: Will the supply issue become a crisis before we have new discoveries?

PL: Gold supply fell by 4% in the first six months of this year. This will be the seventh year in which production has dropped. It’s probably going to fall more in 2008 than it has in prior years. Australia, Indonesia, Canada, and the U.S. are all experiencing declines. Combine this with the drop off in central bank sales. 2008 will have the lowest central bank sales on record because the bankers have all had theirs head handed to them. They all sold gold for $250, $350, and $400—losing tens of billions of dollars. We could soon reach the point where central bank sales will be non-existent. That represents a loss of 500 tons of gold a year in a 3,000-ton market. That’s huge—nearly 20% of supply. Recycling has declined in the last six months too. Even though demand fell when gold hit $900 and $1,000, the supply has been shrinking just as fast. I don't see gold dropping much below $800—plus or minus $50.

TGR: You’re projecting over the next year or two that the dollar will strengthen. Could that push gold back to $500 an ounce?

PL: In the short run, anything is possible. But when I look at the supply-demand picture, at the growth of India and China's economies, and ETF demand, I can't see gold lower than $750. Could it happen? Sure, it could.

TGR: What are you telling investors to do with their money?

PL: I’m looking at some of the longer-term things that I like in my portfolio and adding to them. I see excellent value in the market right now, particularly in the gold sector. I’m talking about my own portfolio. New Gold Inc. (AMEX:NGD, TSX:NGD) traded under $5 two weeks ago. It was $9 in March-April. This company has $500 million in cash, three operating mines, one in construction, and another that will start in about four years time. It's got great management and a good board. The net asset value is probably about $12. At these metal prices, it’s really cheap. It’s also in the U.S. because it was a merger of three companies that I engineered back in the spring—a merger between Peak Gold and Metallica Resources.

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