Rice is a cereal grain that is considered the world’s most important crop, as it is the staple food to more than half of the world’s population. Its scientific name is ‘Oryza sativa’ and belongs to the grass family ‘Poaceae’.
Rice is mainly consumed in a boiled and cooked form which is also called rice and is the staple food in Asian regions. Rice is also eaten in the forms of various food products made from it such as rice flakes, puffed rice, popped rice, etc. and also in the forms of food items made with its flour like idli, dosa, appam(rice cake), papads, murukku, puttu (steamed cake), etc. Like many other cereal grains, rice also is used to brew alcoholic beverages.
Based on certain archaeological evidence, rice is assumed to have been first domesticated in China around 10,000 years ago. However, at present rice has become the staple food to the majority of people in the world, giving it the title-the most important cereal crop in the world.
Rice is a semi-aquatic crop- a plant that grows with its roots submerged in water-and it requires a hot and humid climate with 6-8 hours of sunlight per day. Rice can be cultivated on almost all types of soils, but clay or clay loam soils are the best ones for the cultivation as they can hold water for long.
There are more than 40,000 different varieties of rice worldwide, classified into various categories which can be cultivated in different seasons depending on the variety. And in India rice is cultivated during three seasons: autumn, winter, and summer. However, the sowing slightly varies from state to state depending on the weather conditions and rainfall patterns and June-July is the normal sowing season.
The plants grow 3-6 feet in height, and normally take 4 to 5 months from planting to start bearing the fruits called paddy-rice grain covered in light golden coloured husk. Rice mainly contains carbohydrate besides protein, and vitamins like thiamin and niacin; and minerals like zinc and phosphorus which make it a healthy diet.
China is the largest producer, consumer and importer of rice in the world, and other top producers are India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam and Thailand.
The top exporter of rice in the world is India, followed by Vietnam, Thailand and Pakistan. And the largest importer is China followed by Iran, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia and the United States.
In India, West Bengal is the largest producer of rice, followed by Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Odisha, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh.
Some of the major trading markets of rice in India:
West Bengal (Siliguri, Katwa, Murshidabad,Burdwan)
Uttar Pradesh (Ghaziabad, Meerut, Baheri, Kasipur)
Bihar (Buxar, Patna, Katihar, Aurangabad)
Andhra Pradesh (Vijaywada, Nellore, Guntur, Karimnagar)
Names of rice in different Indian languages:
Hindi Chaaval
Tamil Arici
Malayalam Ari
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Last updated: 22/12/2023
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